Deep web, Dark web and DarkNet

Internet is very vast and what we use on daily basis is only a chunk of it. The Internet is much more than that but first, one should be clear with the difference between Internet and the Web.

Internet is the collection of various smaller networks where each node can be a server, laptop, smartphone etc.

Web: In earlier days of Internet, data was used to transfer across the Internet but no Web existed at that time but in 1989, Tim Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web which can be used to access hyperlinked text or web pages. So, basically Web is a software which runs over internet to provide this service.

But Web doesn’t include only the website like Facebook, Google, Want2Host etc. These are in the surface web which can be indexed by search engine. It only constitutes 4-6% of the whole web. Part of the WWW which is not indexed by a search engine like Google is Deep Web and it about 500-600 times larger than surface web. This web can only be accessed using a special link and with special permission like data in our cloud drive cannot be found on Google, one cannot search for it. There is a subset of the web called Dark Web.

Deep Web: It is the web which cannot be accessed by the search engines, like government private data, bank data, cloud data etc. These data are sensitive and private, so kept out of reach. It is used to provide access to a specific to a specific group of people.

Dark Net: It is a network build over the internet which is encrypted. Darknet provides anonymity to the users. One such darknet is Tor (The Onion Router). A special software is required to enter this network like Tor browser, is required to enter into the Tor’s network. TOR can access regular website also, a website on this network has .onion address. Many hidden services are provided on Dark Net.

Friend-to-Friend is another kind of darknet where two-person transfer data between them anonymously. Only concerned people have access to it and it is encrypted and password protected.

Freenet is also a darknet which is used for file transfer anonymously, there are many other darknets available.

Dark Web: Darknet provide a user with anonymity but a service was introduced which allowed someone to host a website on the darknet and remain anonymous. This attracted people who do illegal stuff to sells things without getting caught. One example is a website called the silk road which was on darknet called TOR, used to sell drugs and was taken down by FBI.

It might seem a bit scary but darknet is very useful too, for which it was created, to provide anonymity like to government official, journalist and even us.

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The Top 5 Benefits of Email Hosting Services for Small Businesses

Many consumers will decide whether to work with a business or not within just a couple of short moments. As business owners, your potential customers and clients' first impressions of your business are critical. One of the many things that can give off either a good or bad first impression for consumers is your email, whether personal or professional.

Email hosting services enable business owners to have a professional email that gives off the right first impressions on their customers. Not only do they make you look professional, but they also come with quite a few other benefits for your small business as well. Let's take a look at the top 5 benefits of having an email hosting service provider.

1. Full Support

Unless you're already in the tech industry, dealing with technology and its endless amount of technical errors is not only frustrating but also time-consuming. As a small business owner, you most likely have a laundry list of more important things to take care of. 

However, when you choose to go with a top-notch email hosting provider, you'll be able to get compressive support from that company. This can be a range of different things from employees forgetting their passwords, losing customer emails on their phones, or any other type of technical error you can think of. This is priceless for a busy small business owner. 

2. Security and Protection

Most companies that offer email hosting services will also provide you with encryption and security measures for your business. This will allow you to have peace of mind and not worry about unauthorized people gaining access to any of your emails.

This type of security and protection will typically also cover you for hackers, viruses, malware, and any other type of online threat you can think of. With over 14 million businesses at threat from hackers, you must ensure your online safety. 

3. Saves Your Business Money

When you think about your business growing, you'll need to host your own email and services. This can become costly very quickly, as you will also have to hire employees for IT. Then you'll also have to add in benefits to those employees and don't forget all of the equipment needed to run IT support too. 

When you choose to go with an email server hosting company, you'll receive everything you need at a much lower price. Ultimately it becomes much cheaper for your small business. 

4. More Storage

Server hosting companies will also come with all of the storage you're going to need for your business. When you have thousands of emails going out weekly, you must have enough room to store them. 

Many companies offer several options when it comes to the exact storage you'll need.

5. Trustworthy and Professional

As we had mentioned at the beginning of this article, having email hosting will give off a much better and professional first impression to customers. Along with that comes trustworthiness. 

You want customers and clients to come in knowing that they are working with a real company and not some scam trying to get their credit card info. This is one of the first and best ways to gain that trust right off the bat. 

Email Hosting Services

Now that you know all of the top benefits of having an email hosting service for your small business, all you need to do is find the right company to work with. Get your business started with on the right foot.

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Cloud Hosting

The method of outsourcing an enterprise's processing and storage capabilities to a service provider that provides its networking services in a utility model is cloud hosting.

The cloud vendor supervised the setup, cloud storage, protection and management, while customers will configure hardware and applications and scale servers online. Computing and storage services are dispersed in a cloud computing configuration through hundreds of virtual machines according to the load balance I / O demand.

A cheaper alternative to the conventional dedicated server model that allows enterprises to develop and maintain their own data centers is the cloud storage model. Servers with dedicated hardware

and virtual infrastructure exist on-premises throughout the conventional model, which can be an expensive operational cost for organizations.

Cloud hosting benefits

Cloud infrastructure provides companies with substantial financial and operating benefits, so they don't have to invest a lot in the actual direct cost of capital associated with data center acquisition and maintenance. IT also has the potential to scale more quickly, using only the services they need and paying for them. Moreover, long-term data storage becomes a more streamlined process, avoiding the expensive storage of discs and tape systems.

Data security advantages such as fast performance and disaster recovery are gained by utilizing cloud hosting services. Many companies use a hybrid model that combines on-site processing and storage capabilities with computation and storage in a cloud service framework.

Flexible and more cost-efficient scalability in developing apps, websites and other resources is one of the key advantages of using cloud computing services. As consumers are able to scale as needed, they are only paid for the facilities they use and do not pay for any unused facility. This payment system makes the cloud hosting a comparatively inexpensive storage process.

Although there are many advantages, it has some limitations also. Cloud protection challenges have attracted more interest as the pace of cloud adoption has increased. With data escaping the business data center, companies run the risk of fraud and degradation of intellectual property, violations of enforcement, lack of control into rogue workers' activities, and confidentiality breaches.

High supply, recovery point objective and recovery time objective (RTO) are additional factors to consider.

Top vendors/providers

As a technology model, cloud computing systems have fuelled a growth in the infrastructure under which a third-party vendor, usually with a pay-per-use system, provides a customer with the hardware, applications, servers, storage and networking facilities.

Amazon Web Services , the Google Cloud Portal, IBM Cloud and Microsoft Azure are common providers who offer cloud hosting. AWS, which provides comprehensive storage facilities and more areas and zones than most cloud vendors, is the leading competitor in the market. In recent years, Azure and Google have gained momentum.

AWS, along with Amazon Easy Storage Solution and Amazon Glacier for servers, provides the Elastic Compute Cloud to handle computing resources. For the enterprise, Google has the Google Compute Engine and Google Cloud Storage. Azure Virtual Machines and Azure Virtual Machine Scale Sets are supported by Microsoft Azure, and blob, log, and queue data are included in its data. A common cloud service is Microsoft Office 365.

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Difference Between Magento and WordPress

Magento: Magento is a powerful open-source e-commerce web application written in PHP. It was developed by Magento, inc 31 march 2008. Magento was built using Zend framework, it uses the entity attribute value(EAV) database model to store value and there is only free version available by the an Magento community edition. Magento provides the power to manage e-commerce stores by providing incorporate working with resources like categories, products, and sales orders. Magento is a highly flexible and customizable framework.

WordPress: WordPress is a free open-source framework developed by Matt Mullenweg 27 May 2003. It is based on a Content management system(CMS) written in PHP and created primarily in PHP MySQL, JavaScript. It is used for creating a dynamic website with the help of pre-installed plugins. WordPress has thousands of the plugin that is highly customizable and WordPress include PHP, MySQL, HTML, CSS, JavaScript for developing a website. WordPress core and plugin are written in PHP. MySQL Database is used for storing website information. HTML is used for building the basic structure of your website and CSS is used for the visual styling of the website. JavaScript is used for action and interactivity.

Difference Between Magento and WordPress:

Magento	WordPress
Magneto is developed for creating online-commerce stores.	WordPress is used to create blogs, business websites and simple online stores using third-party plugins.
Magento has a more complex installation process.	WordPress is easy to install and easy to use as CMS.
Magneto has advanced data protection.	WordPress has Basic data protection.
In Magento, build-in tools for basic and advanced SEO optimization.	In WordPress, for SEO use a third-party plugin.
Magento is larges comprised of CMS pages.	It is created from posts and pages.
It is more secure as compared to WordPress.	It is less secure as compared to Magento.
It Includes Marketing, Promotions, Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Site Management, Catalog Management, Catalog Browsing, Product Browsing, Checkout, Payment, Shipping, and Order Management.	It Includes Simplicity, Flexibility, Publish with Ease, Publishing Tools, User Management, Media Management, Full Standards Compliance, Easy Theme System.

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How do Web Servers work?

The Internet acts as a source of plethora of information to us and all we need to do, if we want any information is to just query the internet and then we will get the desired response.

But who provides this information to us and how? All this is facilitated by what is called as the Web Server. Along with it there are browsers as applications which we use such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Chrome, Safari etc to interact with the web and browse & retrieve the files on web server known as Web Clients.

Web Servers are basically simple computer programs that dispense the web page when they are requested using the web client. The machines on which this program run are usually called as a server, with both the names web server and server almost used interchangeably.

Generally, many people, when they think of web servers, they think of them being some high-powered computers, while this is correct to some extent, as some high-powered computers are also called as web servers, but these computers are built with the purpose of web hosting . In web hosting, the web servers enable the hosting providers to handle multiple domains (or multiple websites) on a single server. But, normally, when someone refers to a web server, it means the piece of software that can be downloaded on the computer system.

When is web server required?

Generally, web servers are used by web hosting companies and professional web app developers. But, actually anyone who satisfies one of the below category can use it-

◉ One who owns a website (to make the local copy on their system resemble what is on internet).

◉ One who wants to use server-side technologies, such as, PHP or ColdFusion, can also use the web server.

How Web servers work?

A page on internet can be viewed, when the browser requests it from the web server and the web server responds with that page. A simple diagrammatic representation of this is as given below in the figure:

Simple process consists of 4 steps, they are:

1. Obtaining the IP Address from domain name: Our web browser first obtains the IP address the domain name (for e.g., for this page the domain name is www.geeksforgeeks.org) resolves to. It can obtain the IP address in 2 ways-

◉ By searching in its cache.

◉ By requesting one or more DNS (Domain Name System) Servers.

Note: Any website is assigned an IP address when it is first created on web server.

2. Browser requests the full URL: After knowing the IP Address, the browser now demands a full URL from the web server.

3. Web server responds to request: The web server responds to the browser by sending the desired pages, and in case, the pages do not exist or some other error occurs, it will send the appropriate error message.

For example:

You may have seen Error 404, while trying to open a webpage, which is the message sent by the server when the page does not exist.

Another common one is Error 401 when access is denied to us due to incorrect credentials, like username or password, provided by us.

4. Browser displays the web page: The Browser finally gets the webpages and displays it, or displays the error message.

Popular Web Servers

There are quite a few web servers available, like, Apache, Microsoft IIS, Nginx Web Server, LightSpeed Web Server. But, the two most popular ones are-

1. Apache HTTP Server: It is the most popular web server available and is widely used. It is developed and maintained by Apache Software Foundation. The Software is produced under the Apache Licence, which makes it free and open source.

It is available for a variety of operating Systems- Windows, Mac OS X, Unix, Linux, Solaris, Novell Netware and FreeBSD.

2. Microsoft Internet Information Service: Microsoft IIS (Internet Information Service) is the second most popularly used web server, and its market share is increasing quite rapidly with each passing day and is likely to overhaul Apache in the upcoming years.

IIS server has all the features just like Apache, but it is not open source. It is developed, and maintained by Microsoft, thus it works with all the Windows operating system platforms.

Summarizing it all, web servers can be used by an individual or by web hosting provider companies. In case an individual does so, he will be locally hosting the website only on his own system (i.e., the contents of the website can be accessed only on the local system and not on any other system), whereas when hosting provider companies hosts them, the website can be viewed by anyone across the globe. An individual can also host his website publicly with his web server, but for that one must have leased line internet connection (to get a dedicated IP address) and a DNS server to connect it with the domain of website (generally not preferred due to security reasons).

Source: geeksforgeeks.org

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Difference between Web Scraping and Web Crawling

1. Web Scraping :

Web Scraping is a technique used to extract a large amount of data from websites and then saving it to the local machine in the form of XML, excel or SQL. The tools used for web scraping are known as web scrapers. On the basis of the requirements given, they can extract the data from any website in a fraction of time. This automation of tasks is very helpful for developing data for machine learning and other purpose. They work in four steps: 

1. Sending the request to the target page.

2. Getting response from the target page.

3. Parsing and extracting the response.

4. Download the data. 

Some of the popular web scraping tools are ProWebScraper, Webscraper.io, etc. 

2. Web Crawling :

Web Crawling is analogous to a spider crawling but the place of crawling here is the web!. It basically visits a website and read web pages for the purpose of building entries for search engine index. The tools that are used for web crawling are known as web crawlers or spiders. A series of web pages are analyzed and links to the pages on them are then followed for even more links thus it does a deep search for extracting of information. Famous search engines such as Google, Yahoo and Bing do web crawling and use this information for indexing web pages. Examples are Scrapy and Apache nut. 

Difference between Web Scraping and Web Crawling: 

Web Scraping	Web Crawling
The tool used is Web Scraper.	The tool used Web Crawler or Spiders.
It is used for downloading information	It is used for indexing of Web pages
It need not visit all the pages of website for information.	It visits each and every page, until the last line for information.
A Web Scraper doesn’t obey robots.txt in most of cases.	Not all web crawlers obey robots.txt.
It is done on both small and large scale.	It is mostly employed in large scale.
Application areas include Retail Marketing, Equity search, and Machine learning.	Used in search engines to give search results to the user.
Data de-duplication is not necessarily a part of Web Scraping.	Data de-duplication is and integral part of Web Scraping.
This needs crawl agent and a parser for parsing the response.	This only needs only crawl agent.
ProWebScraper, Web Scraper.io are the examples	Google, Yahoo or Bing do Web Crawling

Source: geeksforgeeks.org

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Difference between Web Server and Mail Server

Web Server: Web Server, as the name suggests, is a server software where web content is stored and uses HTTP protocol and other protocols to respond to user requests that is being made over WWW. Its main function is to display the content of the website through storing, processing, and delivering webpages within the website to users.  

Example: Apache, NGINX, Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS), etc. 

Mail Server: Mail Server, similar to the post office, is a computer system program responsible for receiving, routing, delivering e-mail. It is also known as MTA (Mail Transfer Agent) and store incoming mail for distribution to users and deliver e-mail to client computers.  

Example: Yahoo!, Gmail incoming mail server, Gmail outgoing mail server, etc.  

Web Server vs Mail Server

Web Server	Mail Server
Web servers basically handle, manage, and run one or more websites.	Mail Servers basically handle, manage, and delivers e-mail over the internet.
It delivers content for website to user or visitor that wants it same as a web browser.	It delivers and receive email messages same as post office.
Its main objective is to display website content through storing, processing and delivering web pages to users or visitors.	Its main objective is to act as virtual post office and make communication possible between various employees of organization or business or company.
It is important for users to view website because without web server, users won’t be able to have access to content of websites at all.	It is important for users to store their documents, files and videos in cloud storage.
Types of web servers include Apache HTTP server, Jigsaw server, LiteSpeed Web server, etc.	Types of mail server include POP3 mail server, IMAP mail server, SMTP mail server, etc.
Its main function is to host website and distribute web pages as they are requisitioned.	Its supports e-communication, content and file sharing, etc.
It follows a network protocol known as HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol).	It follows SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).

Source: geeksforgeeks.org

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